市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)是(shi)城市(shi)發展的(de)(de)重要組成(cheng)部分，如(ru)今市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)路(lu)(lu)網已經(jing)基本規劃(hua)完成(cheng)，進入運營階段(duan)，但由(you)于設(she)計(ji)考(kao)慮不足，造成(cheng)設(she)計(ji)與(yu)養(yang)護不接軌的(de)(de)問題。BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是(shi)建(jian)筑行(xing)(xing)業升(sheng)級轉型的(de)(de)新興技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，能夠實(shi)現對市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)工程全生命(ming)周期管理。以(yi)武(wu)漢(han)市(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)為(wei)研究對象(xiang)，根據該(gai)道路(lu)(lu)設(she)計(ji)指標，使用(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)對市(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)進行(xing)(xing)建(jian)模，在施工過程中實(shi)現對該(gai)道路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)場地布置，后(hou)期運維階段(duan)，使用(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)完成(cheng)道路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)監測與(yu)養(yang)護。

關鍵詞(ci) BIM技(ji)術;市政道(dao)路(lu);全生命周期;道(dao)路(lu)養護

中(zhong)圖分類(lei)號 U412.37 文獻標識碼 A 文章編(bian)號 2096-8949（2022）09-0163-03

引言

BIM的(de)(de)概念為(wei)建(jian)筑信(xin)息(xi)模(mo)型(xing)，其主要(yao)(yao)內涵為(wei)將復雜(za)的(de)(de)工程信(xin)息(xi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)模(mo)型(xing)相(xiang)關聯，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)工程項目的(de)(de)智能(neng)化(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)[1]。市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)作為(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)運(yun)輸通(tong)道(dao)(dao)，主要(yao)(yao)作用(yong)(yong)為(wei)保(bao)(bao)證城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)行(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)連(lian)接，在市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)中，需要(yao)(yao)考慮道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)兩(liang)方面問題，且(qie)設(she)計(ji)(ji)過(guo)程復雜(za)，易出現(xian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)失誤[2]。BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)具有可(ke)視性(xing)(xing)、協調性(xing)(xing)、模(mo)擬性(xing)(xing)以及優化(hua)性(xing)(xing)，能(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)各類信(xin)息(xi)的(de)(de)集成處(chu)理(li)(li)，根(gen)據(ju)信(xin)息(xi)數據(ju)類型(xing)設(she)置在相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)組成模(mo)型(xing)中[3]。將BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工程相(xiang)結合(he)具有兩(liang)方面優勢：一方面，BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠(gou)為(wei)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)施工提供可(ke)視化(hua)，將設(she)計(ji)(ji)圖(tu)紙實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)三維表達(da)，更直觀的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)證設(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)科學性(xing)(xing)，更準(zhun)確地(di)進行(xing)設(she)計(ji)(ji)方案比選(xuan)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工程的(de)(de)優化(hua)設(she)計(ji)(ji)，保(bao)(bao)證道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)項目的(de)(de)正常運(yun)行(xing)。另(ling)一方面，傳統的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)將道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)期(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)進行(xing)分離，造(zao)成設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)不(bu)對(dui)接，增加了后(hou)期(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)費用(yong)(yong)并(bing)(bing)且(qie)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)效果較差。BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)能(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)對(dui)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工程全生(sheng)命周期(qi)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，將設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)相(xiang)對(dui)接施行(xing)并(bing)(bing)行(xing)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，并(bing)(bing)且(qie)提前(qian)對(dui)整(zheng)個(ge)工程的(de)(de)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)進行(xing)計(ji)(ji)算，平衡前(qian)期(qi)建(jian)設(she)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)與(yu)(yu)(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)，避(bi)免建(jian)設(she)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)低，但(dan)后(hou)期(qi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)高的(de)(de)情況[4]。BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)工程中的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)還(huan)不(bu)完(wan)善，多用(yong)(yong)于市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)施工階段，在養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)階段的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)較少。該文(wen)以武漢(han)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)為(wei)研究對(dui)象，根(gen)據(ju)該新建(jian)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)工程概況，確定具體參數完(wan)成市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)建(jian)模(mo)，通(tong)過(guo)BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在施工階段、養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)階段的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)，研究BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)在市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)設(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)工程中的(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)。

1 工程概況

武漢(han)市(shi)某新建市(shi)政道路工程為互(hu)通式(shi)立體交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)設計(ji)(ji)，按照行車方向劃分(fen)分(fen)為東西路與(yu)南北路，兩條道路采用(yong)平面(mian)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)，因交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通堵塞(sai)問題(ti)，現進(jin)行互(hu)通式(shi)立體交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)設計(ji)(ji)，新建道路設計(ji)(ji)速度為60 km/h，設計(ji)(ji)車道為雙向四車道。采用(yong)記錄(lu)法對兩條道路不同(tong)方向的交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通量進(jin)行調查，調查結果如表1所示(shi)。

根據(ju)表1交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)調查結果得(de)到，南(nan)北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)壓力較(jiao)大，日(ri)平(ping)均交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)達到10 W輛(liang)/天左(zuo)右，為(wei)(wei)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)主干(gan)道(dao)(dao)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)擁堵。且(qie)非(fei)機動車(che)與行(xing)(xing)人數量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)多，混合式(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)嚴(yan)重，易造(zao)成交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故。東(dong)西(xi)方向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)道(dao)(dao)路交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)相對于南(nan)北(bei)走向(xiang)(xiang)而言，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)低，日(ri)均交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)在6 萬輛(liang)/天左(zuo)右，非(fei)機動車(che)與行(xing)(xing)人數量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)少。根據(ju)目前該(gai)市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)狀況，需要(yao)對東(dong)西(xi)、南(nan)北(bei)走向(xiang)(xiang)的(de)兩條市(shi)(shi)政(zheng)道(dao)(dao)路改變道(dao)(dao)路交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)形式(shi)，由平(ping)面交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)轉變為(wei)(wei)互通(tong)(tong)式(shi)立體(ti)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)(cha)，以南(nan)北(bei)方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路作為(wei)(wei)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)主干(gan)道(dao)(dao)，設計時主要(yao)考(kao)慮該(gai)方向(xiang)(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)分離與分流(liu)，且(qie)混合式(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)嚴(yan)重，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)事(shi)故頻(pin)發，需要(yao)考(kao)慮行(xing)(xing)人及(ji)非(fei)機動車(che)的(de)運行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)。

2 BIM技術在設計(ji)階段的應用

根據武漢市(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)工程概況，解(jie)決(jue)原有(you)市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)交通(tong)堵塞的(de)問題，需要(yao)對兩條道路(lu)(lu)進行互通(tong)式立交設(she)(she)計(ji)。互通(tong)式立交的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)復雜，需要(yao)考慮的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)要(yao)素眾多，采用BIM技術對市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)工程設(she)(she)計(ji)能(neng)夠提(ti)高設(she)(she)計(ji)效率，保證設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)準確性。在設(she)(she)計(ji)階段，BIM技術能(neng)夠應(ying)用于市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)工程的(de)地(di)形(xing)識別、平面線形(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)、縱斷(duan)拉坡、道路(lu)(lu)平面設(she)(she)計(ji)、橫斷(duan)土方(fang)計(ji)算等(deng)方(fang)面。

2.1 地形識別

對(dui)該(gai)(gai)市政(zheng)道路進行設(she)計時，首先需(xu)要對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)形進行識別。傳統的識別方式為地(di)(di)(di)勘法，采用(yong)測量(liang)儀器對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)形進行勘察，得到地(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置信息，測量(liang)精度低且數據復雜，不(bu)易進行處理(li)。應用(yong)BIM技術進行地(di)(di)(di)形識別時，結(jie)合GIS系(xi)統，第(di)(di)一步(bu)進行目標(biao)(biao)(biao)坐標(biao)(biao)(biao)系(xi)的選擇(ze)，該(gai)(gai)項(xiang)目選擇(ze)為“國家2000”，第(di)(di)二步(bu)進行坐標(biao)(biao)(biao)系(xi)投(tou)影參數設(she)置，第(di)(di)三(san)步(bu)搜索(suo)該(gai)(gai)市政(zheng)道路所(suo)在位置或輸(shu)入(ru)位置坐標(biao)(biao)(biao)，第(di)(di)四步(bu)生成三(san)維地(di)(di)(di)形地(di)(di)(di)貌，如圖1所(suo)示。

2.2 平面線(xian)形設(she)計(ji)

平面線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)市(shi)(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)工程(cheng)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)內容，根據(ju)市(shi)(shi)政道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)特(te)點(dian)，南北方向(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)較大且轉向(xiang)車(che)輛(liang)較多(duo)，東西方向(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)相(xiang)對較少(shao)，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)方式簡單(dan)，采用上(shang)下(xia)分(fen)層(ceng)互(hu)通(tong)式立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)方式保(bao)證(zheng)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)狀(zhuang)況。南北方向(xiang)為城市(shi)(shi)主干道(dao)(dao)，設(she)(she)(she)置于(yu)互(hu)通(tong)式立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)上(shang)層(ceng)，東西方向(xiang)道(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)位于(yu)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)下(xia)層(ceng)。根據(ju)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)特(te)點(dian)，在使(shi)用BIM技術進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)平面線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)中，可選擇的(de)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)有苜蓿葉(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、鉆石形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、圓形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)以(yi)及(ji)直(zhi)連型，匝道(dao)(dao)類型有定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)式與(yu)半(ban)(ban)定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)式。確定(ding)(ding)互(hu)通(tong)式立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式后，在設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)軟件中輸入各轉向(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)以(yi)及(ji)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，可以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)平面線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)需要(yao)考慮匝道(dao)(dao)的(de)轉彎半(ban)(ban)徑，使(shi)用苜蓿葉(xie)線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可以(yi)對匝道(dao)(dao)的(de)轉彎半(ban)(ban)徑進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)調整(zheng)，且該互(hu)通(tong)式立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)轉向(xiang)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)量(liang)(liang)較大。根據(ju)BIM技術進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)平面線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結(jie)果如圖2所示。確定(ding)(ding)立(li)(li)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)平面線形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為半(ban)(ban)苜蓿葉(xie)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)+半(ban)(ban)定(ding)(ding)向(xiang)型。

2.3 縱斷拉坡

在確定道路(lu)互通式立(li)交平面(mian)(mian)線形為(wei)半(ban)苜(mu)蓿葉形+半(ban)定向型后，需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對道路(lu)進(jin)行(xing)縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)。在進(jin)行(xing)縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)時，BIM設(she)計(ji)(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)根據相關設(she)計(ji)(ji)規范(fan)(fan)可自動(dong)(dong)生成(cheng)(cheng)縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)，但是自動(dong)(dong)生成(cheng)(cheng)的縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)的坡(po)(po)度(du)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)手動(dong)(dong)設(she)計(ji)(ji)。該項目位于武(wu)漢市(shi)，夏季雨水豐富，在進(jin)行(xing)坡(po)(po)度(du)設(she)置時需(xu)要(yao)(yao)考慮排水需(xu)求。使用(yong)BIM軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)拉坡(po)(po)，能夠(gou)實現坡(po)(po)度(du)的智能化生成(cheng)(cheng)，修(xiu)改坡(po)(po)度(du)參數(shu)時只需(xu)要(yao)(yao)對構件(jian)信(xin)(xin)息進(jin)行(xing)修(xiu)改，修(xiu)改信(xin)(xin)息不滿足規范(fan)(fan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)時，軟(ruan)(ruan)件(jian)不能進(jin)行(xing)下一步設(she)計(ji)(ji)。縱(zong)(zong)斷(duan)面(mian)(mian)設(she)計(ji)(ji)完成(cheng)(cheng)后，能夠(gou)對土(tu)方量進(jin)行(xing)計(ji)(ji)算(suan)，導出(chu)工程量表。

2.4 道路平(ping)面(mian)設計

道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)是市政道(dao)路(lu)工程設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)的(de)(de)重要部分(fen)，使(shi)用(yong)BIM技術進(jin)(jin)(jin)行道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)可以進(jin)(jin)(jin)行多樣化的(de)(de)結合(he)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，將綠化景觀(guan)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面進(jin)(jin)(jin)行統一設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，生成(cheng)三維(wei)(wei)模(mo)型(xing)。根據工程概況，采用(yong)雙向四車(che)道(dao)形(xing)式(shi)，且設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)速度為(wei)60 km/h。在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)面線形(xing)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)與(yu)縱(zong)斷拉坡(po)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)后，平(ping)(ping)面設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)根據車(che)道(dao)形(xing)式(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行選(xuan)擇(ze)，軟件自動生成(cheng)道(dao)路(lu)平(ping)(ping)面圖(tu)，平(ping)(ping)面圖(tu)中(zhong)包(bao)括行車(che)道(dao)、中(zhong)央分(fen)隔(ge)帶、人行道(dao)等附屬設(she)(she)(she)(she)施(shi)，根據設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)特(te)點選(xuan)擇(ze)將立交入口處行車(che)道(dao)寬度加寬，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)時，可以隨時檢查設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)合(he)理性(xing)，在(zai)(zai)二維(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)面進(jin)(jin)(jin)行建(jian)模(mo)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，在(zai)(zai)三維(wei)(wei)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)中(zhong)檢查建(jian)模(mo)參數準確性(xing)，BIM模(mo)型(xing)庫中(zhong)包(bao)含眾多綠化植物模(mo)型(xing)可以進(jin)(jin)(jin)行設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)，該設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)三維(wei)(wei)圖(tu)如圖(tu)3所示。

2.5 橫斷(duan)土方(fang)計算

BIM技術與傳統建(jian)模(mo)軟件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區別主要在(zai)(zai)于(yu)模(mo)型信息(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)修(xiu)改及工(gong)程量匯(hui)總表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動生成(cheng)。該(gai)市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)為(wei)新建(jian)互通(tong)式立(li)(li)交，使用(yong)BIM技術能夠在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段對項目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)土方工(gong)程量進行(xing)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)算，對工(gong)程造(zao)價(jia)進行(xing)控制(zhi)，并(bing)且能夠對路(lu)(lu)面鋪裝材料以及路(lu)(lu)基進行(xing)二次(ci)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。實現模(mo)型與道路(lu)(lu)數據(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)。在(zai)(zai)道路(lu)(lu)模(mo)型建(jian)立(li)(li)后，保證模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)性(xing)，可以將模(mo)型轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)為(wei)Revit形式，便于(yu)對該(gai)道路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程進行(xing)管理(li)，其設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)完(wan)成(cheng)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)維模(mo)型如圖4所示。根據(ju)(ju)該(gai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)型實現了對道路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)維建(jian)模(mo)，并(bing)且在(zai)(zai)組成(cheng)模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)每(mei)一個構(gou)件(jian)中，都(dou)存在(zai)(zai)構(gou)件(jian)信息(xi)(xi)與二維碼，可以通(tong)過(guo)掃描二維碼信息(xi)(xi)了解構(gou)件(jian)情(qing)況，實現設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)規劃階(jie)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可視(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)。該(gai)項目(mu)使用(yong)BIM技術，在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)階(jie)段完(wan)成(cheng)了全過(guo)程設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，節約了設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)時間，降低了設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)本，增加了設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學性(xing)與設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)模(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可視(shi)(shi)化(hua)(hua)，能夠達到市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)(lu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)要求，更直觀地(di)確定項目(mu)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)結果(guo)。

3 BIM技(ji)術(shu)在市政道路養護過程中的應用

BIM技(ji)術(shu)不僅(jin)能夠實(shi)現市(shi)(shi)政道路(lu)設計的可視化，而(er)且(qie)能夠完(wan)成(cheng)對整個市(shi)(shi)政工程項(xiang)目(mu)全(quan)生(sheng)命周期的管(guan)理(li)。在城市(shi)(shi)路(lu)網日益完(wan)善的背(bei)景下(xia)，新建(jian)市(shi)(shi)政道路(lu)的項(xiang)目(mu)逐漸(jian)減(jian)少，養(yang)護類(lei)項(xiang)目(mu)數量增加。采(cai)用(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)能夠進行從設計階段開始至運維階段為(wei)止的全(quan)生(sheng)命周期管(guan)理(li)。養(yang)護過程中(zhong)主要體現BIM技(ji)術(shu)對建(jian)成(cheng)道路(lu)的信(xin)息(xi)管(guan)理(li)，以(yi)武漢市(shi)(shi)某新建(jian)市(shi)(shi)政道路(lu)工程模型為(wei)例，研(yan)究BIM技(ji)術(shu)在路(lu)面(mian)病害調查以(yi)及(ji)養(yang)護管(guan)理(li)方面(mian)的應用(yong)。

3.1 BIM技術(shu)在(zai)市政道路(lu)路(lu)面病害調(diao)查(cha)中的應用

BIM技術應用于路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)調查時(shi)，需(xu)要使用全自動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)車(che)對路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)進行(xing)(xing)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)。自動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)設備具有掃(sao)描功能，將(jiang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)存在(zai)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)進行(xing)(xing)掃(sao)描與(yu)識別(bie)(bie)，常見的(de)(de)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)如縱向裂縫(feng)、網(wang)裂、龜裂以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)車(che)轍等。對路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)進行(xing)(xing)識別(bie)(bie)后(hou)，將(jiang)掃(sao)描結果(guo)上傳至檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)云平(ping)臺(tai)。把該道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)土建模型(xing)以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)管(guan)道(dao)模型(xing)導入BIM5D綜合管(guan)理軟件中(zhong)，根據(ju)(ju)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)掃(sao)描結果(guo)，在(zai)云平(ping)臺(tai)中(zhong)建立問題檔(dang)案，將(jiang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)與(yu)市政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)具體位(wei)置進行(xing)(xing)關聯，便于工程運(yun)維單(dan)(dan)位(wei)進行(xing)(xing)養(yang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)案制定(ding)。并且路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)掃(sao)描，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)詳細(xi)表述病(bing)(bing)害(hai)的(de)(de)類型(xing)、面(mian)(mian)(mian)積、等級以(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)工程量清(qing)單(dan)(dan)。養(yang)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)在(zai)制定(ding)相(xiang)關養(yang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)案時(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)根據(ju)(ju)路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)掃(sao)描結果(guo)，對路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)狀況進行(xing)(xing)自動評(ping)定(ding)，按照(zhao)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)狀況評(ping)定(ding)等級，選用相(xiang)應的(de)(de)養(yang)護(hu)(hu)方(fang)案，實現路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)調查的(de)(de)簡便性，提高路(lu)(lu)(lu)面(mian)(mian)(mian)病(bing)(bing)害(hai)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)精度。

3.2 BIM技術在市政(zheng)道路路面養護(hu)管理中的應用

市(shi)政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)影響了道(dao)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)年限，傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)(dui)病(bing)害進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)現場處理(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式，未考(kao)慮到對(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一管(guan)理(li)。造(zao)成養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)繁瑣，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)低且養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)造(zao)價(jia)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)對(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)實(shi)現全方(fang)位(wei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)單位(wei)制(zhi)定養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)計(ji)劃，將(jiang)制(zhi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)劃與(yu)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)項目(mu)相(xiang)關(guan)聯(lian)，把(ba)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)計(ji)劃與(yu)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)置(zhi)相(xiang)關(guan)聯(lian)，關(guan)聯(lian)后(hou)可(ke)根據方(fang)案對(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)擬。BIM5D軟件(jian)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)在(zai)三維模(mo)(mo)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎(chu)之上(shang)實(shi)現養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)與(yu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)造(zao)價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)協同(tong)管(guan)理(li)。將(jiang)該道(dao)路(lu)(lu)模(mo)(mo)型導入(ru)相(xiang)關(guan)BIM軟件(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)，對(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)過程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)，養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)造(zao)價(jia)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)模(mo)(mo)擬，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)在(zai)構件(jian)管(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)塊，選中(zhong)(zhong)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)位(wei)置(zhi)查看(kan)相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)措施(shi)，點(dian)擊工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)匯總(zong)功能(neng)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)實(shi)現養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)查詢與(yu)匯總(zong)，可(ke)以(yi)單獨(du)查看(kan)某種(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)，例(li)如瀝青使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)與(yu)集料(liao)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)量(liang)，科(ke)學地控(kong)制(zhi)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)。養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)完工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后(hou)，對(dui)(dui)該市(shi)政道(dao)路(lu)(lu)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)部位(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)二(er)次檢(jian)測，檢(jian)測結果(guo)上(shang)傳(chuan)至云(yun)平臺空間，BIM技(ji)術(shu)能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)將(jiang)該養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)過程(cheng)(cheng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)存檔(dang)，避免(mian)(mian)紙質(zhi)(zhi)文件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)丟失，形成該道(dao)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)檔(dang)案，實(shi)現養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)學管(guan)理(li)與(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。根據BIM技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)優化性(xing)，能(neng)夠(gou)(gou)(gou)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)BIM技(ji)術(shu)對(dui)(dui)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本、進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)度(du)(du)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)三維動態模(mo)(mo)擬，并且對(dui)(dui)不(bu)同(tong)專(zhuan)業之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，如土建工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)與(yu)管(guan)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，能(neng)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)碰撞檢(jian)查，避免(mian)(mian)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)合理(li)性(xing)。

4 結論

綜上所述，BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術能夠應用于市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)與養護(hu)(hu)的全過(guo)程(cheng)管理。以武漢市(shi)某新建市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)為建模(mo)對象，在(zai)(zai)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)階段，研究BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在(zai)(zai)地(di)形識(shi)別、平面(mian)(mian)線形設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)、縱斷面(mian)(mian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)以及道路(lu)平面(mian)(mian)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)的應用，結果表(biao)明采用BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術能夠優化市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)，提高(gao)設(she)(she)(she)(she)計(ji)效率。通(tong)過(guo)BIM技(ji)(ji)(ji)術在(zai)(zai)市(shi)政(zheng)道路(lu)養護(hu)(hu)過(guo)程(cheng)中的應用，提高(gao)了(le)養護(hu)(hu)工程(cheng)的科學(xue)性，降(jiang)低了(le)養護(hu)(hu)造(zao)價。