公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)總承包(bao)模式(shi)(shi)與(yu)傳統施(shi)(shi)工(gong)承包(bao)模式(shi)(shi)在(zai)合同(tong)管理、運作(zuo)以(yi)及合同(tong)責任方面都存在(zai)很大(da)的差異(yi)性(xing)，承包(bao)中存在(zai)的風險更大(da)。論文主要對公路(lu)工(gong)程(cheng)設計(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)總承包(bao)模式(shi)(shi)的風險劃分(fen)進行(xing)分(fen)析，并(bing)提出(chu)相應的風險防(fang)控策略(lve)。

【關鍵詞】公(gong)路工(gong)程(cheng)；設(she)計(ji)施(shi)工(gong)；總承包

1公路工程設計施工總承包模式的優勢分析

公路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)總承(cheng)包是(shi)在工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)可(ke)行(xing)性研(yan)究報(bao)告或者初步設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)審批(pi)完成(cheng)(cheng)后，根據工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)復雜程(cheng)度以(yi)及(ji)性質(zhi)等將工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)和施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)任(ren)務向具(ju)有相關設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)資(zi)質(zhi)的承(cheng)包商(shang)進(jin)行(xing)委托(tuo)，并達(da)到(dao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量、安全(quan)以(yi)及(ji)工(gong)(gong)期要求。這種工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承(cheng)包方(fang)式在設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)采用的都是(shi)委托(tuo)的方(fang)式，能夠保證項目開(kai)展(zhan)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)同時進(jin)行(xing)，防止出現設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)與施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)脫節的問題(ti)。同時還可(ke)在施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)結合具(ju)體的問題(ti)，對設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)(ji)及(ji)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案及(ji)時進(jin)行(xing)調整，合理掌控工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)進(jin)度、質(zhi)量和成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)。

1.1有(you)利于投(tou)資優化

設計(ji)(ji)與(yu)(yu)施工(gong)總承(cheng)包模式(shi)下，施工(gong)單(dan)位可(ke)(ke)以與(yu)(yu)設計(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)同時介(jie)入，在設計(ji)(ji)過程中能夠充(chong)分考慮施工(gong)的可(ke)(ke)行性問題，使施工(gong)人員可(ke)(ke)以充(chong)分參與(yu)(yu)到(dao)設計(ji)(ji)工(gong)作(zuo)中，有效減少(shao)由于(yu)工(gong)程變更導致的造價失控問題[1]。

1.2有利(li)于保證施工質量

公路設(she)計(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總承包(bao)管(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)下，項目工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)、進度(du)等都需要由總承包(bao)商負責，所以在總承包(bao)管(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)下組織內各成員(yuan)都是(shi)一(yi)種利益(yi)共同(tong)體，需要共同(tong)為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)建(jian)筑(zhu)質(zhi)量(liang)，提升施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)而努(nu)力。同(tong)時，由于設(she)計(ji)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)一(yi)體化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目，設(she)計(ji)及現(xian)場施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中更有利于溝通和協調，保(bao)證(zheng)公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中的樁基、邊坡(po)、排水(shui)等情況(kuang)與(yu)設(she)計(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)相符，滿足建(jian)設(she)要求。此外，設(she)計(ji)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聯合體管(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式(shi)(shi)能夠通過聯合體的規模(mo)實現(xian)資源的優化，提升工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的質(zhi)量(liang)和效率(lv)。

1.3有(you)利于(yu)保證工期

總承包(bao)模式下，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位(wei)能夠(gou)更早(zao)地介入到設(she)計工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中，為設(she)計人員提供更全面的施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場資料，同時施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)人員也能夠(gou)更好地理解設(she)計意圖，不存在溝通障礙，有利于加(jia)快工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開展進度[2]。此外，公路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)設(she)計施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中，設(she)計施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總承包(bao)商會(hui)提前介入工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，并做好投資資源準備工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，避免準備不充分而延誤工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期。

2公路工程設計施工總承包的風險問題

2.1業主方(fang)面的風險(xian)

業(ye)主在(zai)(zai)設(she)計施(shi)工(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)包風(feng)險(xian)方(fang)面(mian)主要可(ke)表現(xian)為以(yi)下5種(zhong)類(lei)型：（1）前期(qi)準備工(gong)作不足，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)在(zai)(zai)初步設(she)計過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)設(she)計效(xiao)果與初步勘察的(de)準確性都存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)問題，引起風(feng)險(xian)問題；（2）承(cheng)包人選擇存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一定的(de)風(feng)險(xian)問題；（3）在(zai)(zai)工(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目施(shi)工(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，存(cun)在(zai)(zai)一些不可(ke)預見的(de)地質(zhi)變(bian)化以(yi)及(ji)水文變(bian)化等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)問題，導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)施(shi)工(gong)和成本控(kong)制(zhi)風(feng)險(xian)；（4）施(shi)工(gong)圖紙的(de)質(zhi)量不符合標(biao)注要求(qiu)導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)施(shi)工(gong)風(feng)險(xian)；（5）總(zong)承(cheng)包在(zai)(zai)管(guan)理(li)理(li)念(nian)以(yi)及(ji)方(fang)式等方(fang)面(mian)的(de)錯誤導(dao)(dao)致(zhi)的(de)風(feng)險(xian)問題。

2.2承(cheng)包(bao)人方面的(de)風險

承(cheng)包人方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險包括：（1）承(cheng)包人在(zai)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場勘(kan)察(cha)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)對現(xian)(xian)(xian)場實際勘(kan)察(cha)情(qing)況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)查和分析不充分，導(dao)致(zhi)在(zai)生產過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)容易出現(xian)(xian)(xian)投(tou)標失誤，或(huo)者報價過(guo)低等問(wen)題；（2）對業主資(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)了解(jie)不全面，分析不準確(que)進而導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險問(wen)題；（3）工程(cheng)(cheng)項目設計方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)責任(ren)風(feng)險問(wen)題；（4）承(cheng)包人承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理風(feng)險；（5）場地中(zhong)(zhong)可預見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條件風(feng)險；（6）承(cheng)包合同中(zhong)(zhong)部分條款(kuan)審核不嚴導(dao)致(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)險。

3公路工程設計施工總承包模式風險劃分原則

公路工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)項目(mu)開展過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)傳(chuan)統承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)模(mo)式(shi)來說范圍更大。為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)競(jing)標(biao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)優勢，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔更多(duo)無(wu)法預(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)條(tiao)(tiao)件等(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)前先對(dui)(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分(fen)(fen)擔進(jin)行明(ming)確。業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)與承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)間進(jin)行風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)平衡(heng)分(fen)(fen)配對(dui)(dui)(dui)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制具有重要(yao)(yao)作用，具體(ti)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)配原則(ze)為(wei)：風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)能夠將(jiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)分(fen)(fen)配到對(dui)(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)控制能力最強的(de)(de)一方(fang)(fang)(fang)。比如，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內容包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)括隧道等(deng)多(duo)項地(di)(di)下構筑物，在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)會(hui)將(jiang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)見風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)劃分(fen)(fen)到業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)一方(fang)(fang)(fang)，由(you)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)進(jin)行承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔。因(yin)為(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)法進(jin)行預(yu)(yu)估的(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)下，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)由(you)于(yu)(yu)對(dui)(dui)(dui)場(chang)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)考(kao)察和(he)時(shi)間限(xian)制不(bu)(bu)(bu)愿意承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔這(zhe)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，假(jia)設在(zai)(zai)(zai)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)場(chang)地(di)(di)資料是(shi)準確的(de)(de)，承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)完全根據業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)提供的(de)(de)資料進(jin)行報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，但是(shi)一旦出現不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)見的(de)(de)問題(ti)，必(bi)然(ran)會(hui)加(jia)大工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)量，所以(yi)(yi)(yi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)必(bi)然(ran)會(hui)過(guo)(guo)(guo)低(di)，甚至(zhi)造成虧損，因(yin)此，這(zhe)部分(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)測的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔，否則(ze)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)無(wu)法報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)，或者(zhe)為(wei)了有效(xiao)(xiao)解決不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)知情(qing)況(kuang)(kuang)導致承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)高等(deng)，也會(hui)加(jia)大業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)成本。通過(guo)(guo)(guo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上分(fen)(fen)析可(ke)知，在(zai)(zai)(zai)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)預(yu)(yu)見的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)問題(ti)最合(he)(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)劃分(fen)(fen)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)為(wei)由(you)業(ye)主(zhu)(zhu)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔，對(dui)(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)這(zhe)部分(fen)(fen)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)量清單上通過(guo)(guo)(guo)暫定(ding)金額的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)進(jin)行列(lie)出。設計(ji)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)如果(guo)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)滿足合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)工(gong)(gong)期、價(jia)(jia)(jia)格以(yi)(yi)(yi)及功能等(deng)方(fang)(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)項目(mu)，招標(biao)人(ren)一般不(bu)(bu)(bu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)遵照傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)，可(ke)對(dui)(dui)(dui)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)進(jin)行修改。要(yao)(yao)想保(bao)證(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)實施(shi)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)簽(qian)(qian)訂(ding)前承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)認相應條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)，保(bao)證(zheng)合(he)(he)(he)(he)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)有效(xiao)(xiao)性和(he)合(he)(he)(he)(he)法性。在(zai)(zai)(zai)招投(tou)標(biao)文件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)責(ze)任和(he)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)進(jin)行明(ming)確，使承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)招投(tou)標(biao)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)就明(ming)確自(zi)身必(bi)須要(yao)(yao)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔的(de)(de)附加(jia)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)，而在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)個過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)也會(hui)出于(yu)(yu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)的(de)(de)考(kao)慮(lv)，提高投(tou)標(biao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格。

4公路工程設計施工總承包模式下風險合理劃分對策

業(ye)主在(zai)(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作開展前，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各項(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)進(jin)行分(fen)(fen)(fen)析、識(shi)別和判斷(duan)，并在(zai)(zai)招(zhao)(zhao)投標(biao)文(wen)(wen)件中(zhong)(zhong)對(dui)(dui)業(ye)主以及承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商方(fang)(fang)面(mian)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)負責(ze)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)責(ze)任進(jin)行合理(li)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)。通過對(dui)(dui)公路行業(ye)總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)模式項(xiang)目(mu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)來(lai)源分(fen)(fen)(fen)析可(ke)知，總承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)模式風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)包(bao)(bao)括設(she)計(ji)、技(ji)術、自然(ran)、政治(zhi)、政策(ce)經濟以及一(yi)些不可(ke)抗力風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。通過對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)設(she)中(zhong)(zhong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類以及研究對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)劃分(fen)(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)方(fang)(fang)案做如下分(fen)(fen)(fen)析：1）設(she)計(ji)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)不完(wan)善存在(zai)(zai)初(chu)步勘測以及概算失誤等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)圖紙設(she)計(ji)不完(wan)善，比如，文(wen)(wen)件中(zhong)(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)遺(yi)漏(lou)等(deng)，需(xu)(xu)根據審查意見進(jin)行圖紙修改，由(you)(you)(you)于承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)問(wen)題導致設(she)計(ji)更(geng)改或者(zhe)增加用(yong)地(di)范圍(wei)等(deng)。其中(zhong)(zhong)初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主與承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)單位共同承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)；初(chu)步設(she)計(ji)批(pi)準(zhun)(zhun)外增加的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)容由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)，其他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)則有承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)人(ren)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。2）自然(ran)條(tiao)件風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)場地(di)地(di)質以及水文(wen)(wen)條(tiao)件測量(liang)難度加大造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)費用(yong)增加，這項(xiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。3）技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)變(bian)更(geng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)由(you)(you)(you)于技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)變(bian)更(geng)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。一(yi)但出(chu)現技(ji)術標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)變(bian)更(geng)，需(xu)(xu)要(yao)及時向相關部(bu)門提(ti)出(chu)申(shen)請，并由(you)(you)(you)職(zhi)能(neng)部(bu)門對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題進(jin)行組織協調。變(bian)更(geng)申(shen)請部(bu)門需(xu)(xu)要(yao)對(dui)(dui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)問(wen)題進(jin)行初(chu)步判斷(duan)，包(bao)(bao)括影響因素、范圍(wei)等(deng)，做好變(bian)更(geng)前的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)準(zhun)(zhun)備和變(bian)更(geng)后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實施策(ce)略制定。4）工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延長風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：由(you)(you)(you)于業(ye)主或者(zhe)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)變(bian)更(geng)等(deng)導致的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)延誤，風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。但是如果(guo)由(you)(you)(you)于承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)延誤，則需(xu)(xu)要(yao)由(you)(you)(you)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)商承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。5）暫停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)：由(you)(you)(you)于業(ye)主造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)停工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。6）政策(ce)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成(cheng)(cheng)本(ben)漲落以及政治(zhi)、不可(ke)抗力風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)失，由(you)(you)(you)業(ye)主承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)。

5結語

綜上，公路工(gong)(gong)程設計施工(gong)(gong)總(zong)承(cheng)包模式下業主(zhu)與承(cheng)包商承(cheng)擔的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)發生(sheng)改變，因此，必須(xu)要結合具體(ti)的工(gong)(gong)程情況，做(zuo)好風(feng)(feng)險(xian)分(fen)析工(gong)(gong)作，合理(li)劃(hua)分(fen)業主(zhu)與承(cheng)包商間的風(feng)(feng)險(xian)責任，保(bao)證風(feng)(feng)險(xian)劃(hua)分(fen)的合理(li)性。